*The author begins this chapter by telling the readers to be imitators of god. I find this an odd thing to tell anyone. After all, this is the god that supposedly destroyed every living thing in a great flood. This is a god who told his people to take over a land that was not theirs and kill any resistors. This is a god who created a legal system that punished infractions with death. This is a god who condoned enslavement of people who were not his people. This is a god who told priests to indiscriminately slaughter their closest friend and relatives. (Exodus 32)
*Next, the readers are told to live a life of love, "just as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us, as a fragrant offering and sacrifice to god." Lets unpack that metaphor for a minute. It is equating Christ's death to the traditional sacrifice of atonement which god ordered in the levitical law. There a lamb was slaughtered and various things done to its carcass and blood, then portions were burned/cooked, and then eaten by the priests and/or people who brought the sacrifice. The burning meat was said to be emit a pleasing fragrance to god. The god who doesn't actually have sense organs to smell with. All this bloody business, including christ's death, was required because of god's insistence on a standard of morality that was impossible for humans to achieve, even though his omnipotence had forseen it.
*The next paragraph tells what is improper for god's holy people. This includes sexual immorality, impurity (exactly what is that?), greed, obscenity, foolish talk, and coarse joking. It seems to me that these things can vary in their personal and societal impact, some being merely innocuous to downright harmful. Nevertheless we are then told that no immoral, greedy, or impure person has an inheritance in the kingdom of god. (What is the kingdom of god?) In fact, they are labelled as idolaters and disobedient. God's wrath will come on them. Believers should have nothing to do with them. Aha! Here we do not have a case of love the sinner hate the sin. The sinner and his sin are inseparable. What happened to "live a life of love" from verse 2?
*Next, the readers are told to live as children of light, not darkness. They are to find out what pleases the lord and having nothing to do with the fruitless deeds of darkness, but rather expose them. The fruit of light consists of all goodness, righteousness, and truth. However, we are not told what those are in concrete terms. We are also not told what the light refers to. We are to live as wise, not unwise. Again, how? By not being foolish and understanding what the lord's will is. How? By not getting drunk. Instead we are to be filled with the spirit. Is this an ancient pun? Apparently being filled with that spirit makes you sing and recite scripture. (Remember that the only scripture at that time was what we now call the Old Testament.) They are also to spend a lot of time giving thanks to god for everything.
*Next time we take a look at submission. Oh, joy.
Saturday, October 28, 2017
Tuesday, October 24, 2017
Ephesians chapter 4, part 2
*Starting at verse 17: Now, the author, who is writing this letter to gentiles, tells these gentiles not to act like gentiles. Gentiles, he says, are futile in their thinking, darkened in their understanding, sparated from god, ignorant in understanding, and hard hearted. They have given themselves over to sensuality with a continual lust for more. (I wonder if any were offended by this letter.)
*These particular gentiles know better, because they were taught in accordance with the truth in Jesus. They were taught to put off their old selves, to take on new mental attitudes, and to put on a new self, created to be like god, in true righteousness and holiness. The way to do this is to stop lying and speak truthfully. (So far, so good.) They are to practice self control when angry. (Not bad.) They are to not go to bed angry because the devil will get a foothold. (Wackadoodle. The devil has feet?) They are to give up stealing(Good) and work with their own hands so they can share with those in need. (Admirable) So far, all these things are basic "do unto others" morality, which probably already existed in that society.
*Next they are told not to let unwholesome talk cone out of their mouths, but only that which is helpful for building other up, to their benefit. This seems to be a perfectly reasonable standard of conduct, if you are interested in the wellbeing of all humanity. After that, they are told not to "grieve the Holy Spirit with whom you are sealed for the day of redemption." What that actually means is a mystery. My study bible says this proves the holy spirit is a person, because only people can be grieved. Finally, they are told to get rid of bitterness, rage, anger, brawling, slander, and malice. They are to be kind and compassionate. All these positive qualities are not exclusive to christianity. They also have not been universally practiced by all christians everywhere. The internet alone is full of christians who daily prove they do not adhere to these principles.
*Very last they are told to forgive each other, just as in christ god forgave them. This is a sticky topic. Are there no limits to forgiveness? How is that accomplished in a practical sense? What does it mean to forgive a murderer or an abuser? Vile people can just claim god's forgiveness? What is the proof that they have actually been forgiven by a god? In my experience as a former christian, it means I have to be civil, accept the society of that person without public drama, and not carry on a personal feud or vendetta. I'm not so sure that is always the best course of action. Sometimes people need to be called out, avoided, or punished by humanity for their horrible deeds.
*These particular gentiles know better, because they were taught in accordance with the truth in Jesus. They were taught to put off their old selves, to take on new mental attitudes, and to put on a new self, created to be like god, in true righteousness and holiness. The way to do this is to stop lying and speak truthfully. (So far, so good.) They are to practice self control when angry. (Not bad.) They are to not go to bed angry because the devil will get a foothold. (Wackadoodle. The devil has feet?) They are to give up stealing(Good) and work with their own hands so they can share with those in need. (Admirable) So far, all these things are basic "do unto others" morality, which probably already existed in that society.
*Next they are told not to let unwholesome talk cone out of their mouths, but only that which is helpful for building other up, to their benefit. This seems to be a perfectly reasonable standard of conduct, if you are interested in the wellbeing of all humanity. After that, they are told not to "grieve the Holy Spirit with whom you are sealed for the day of redemption." What that actually means is a mystery. My study bible says this proves the holy spirit is a person, because only people can be grieved. Finally, they are told to get rid of bitterness, rage, anger, brawling, slander, and malice. They are to be kind and compassionate. All these positive qualities are not exclusive to christianity. They also have not been universally practiced by all christians everywhere. The internet alone is full of christians who daily prove they do not adhere to these principles.
*Very last they are told to forgive each other, just as in christ god forgave them. This is a sticky topic. Are there no limits to forgiveness? How is that accomplished in a practical sense? What does it mean to forgive a murderer or an abuser? Vile people can just claim god's forgiveness? What is the proof that they have actually been forgiven by a god? In my experience as a former christian, it means I have to be civil, accept the society of that person without public drama, and not carry on a personal feud or vendetta. I'm not so sure that is always the best course of action. Sometimes people need to be called out, avoided, or punished by humanity for their horrible deeds.
Friday, October 20, 2017
Ephesians chapter 4
*This chapter is often called the unity chapter. After having told the readers that the Jews and Gentiles are now one family in christ Jesus, Paul asks that they act like it. They are to be humble, patient, and loving, making every effort to be peacefully united.
*Verses 4-6 are often repeated as a doctrinal statement. There is one body, not two. There is one spirit, one hope, one lord, one faith, one baptism, one god and father. There are not separate versions of these for Jews and Gentiles.
*Next we are told grace has been gven to us as christ apportioned it. (But what exactly is grace?) This is why it (?) says "When he ascended on high, he led captives in his train and gave gifts to men." This is said refer to the ascension of Christ and his gift of spiritual gifts, such as gifts of apostleship, prophecy, evangelism, and teaching ability. The author is quoting Psalm 68:16 but rewording it. That verse in Psalms says,"When YOU ascended on high, YOU led captives in YOUR train; YOU RECEIVED gifts FROM men." (Capitals to stress the differences in the two passages.) In Psalms, this verse is directed to Yahweh and refers to Yahweh ascending to his mountaintop sanctuary in the land of Canaan, supposedly where the temple in Jerusalem was eventually situated, on Mount Zion. There, gifts were not given to men but received from men. The passage in Psalms originally had nothing whatever to do with Jesus.
*The aforementioned gifts were supposedly given to prepare god's people for works of service "so that the body of christ may be built up until we all reach unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the son of god and become mature." Well. It's been two thousand years and unity still hasn't been accomplished. There are still separations between Jews and Gentiles, not to mention the thousands of christian denominations that exist, each thinking it is the one true church.
*Verse 14. On this amazing day of unity we will be grown up christians, each part of the body of christ doing the work it is supposed to do. Not like infants who are decieved by the teachings of cunning, crafty, and deceitful men. We will all speak the truth in love. Does that mean telling people they will go to hell if they don't believe all this stuff?
*Verses 4-6 are often repeated as a doctrinal statement. There is one body, not two. There is one spirit, one hope, one lord, one faith, one baptism, one god and father. There are not separate versions of these for Jews and Gentiles.
*Next we are told grace has been gven to us as christ apportioned it. (But what exactly is grace?) This is why it (?) says "When he ascended on high, he led captives in his train and gave gifts to men." This is said refer to the ascension of Christ and his gift of spiritual gifts, such as gifts of apostleship, prophecy, evangelism, and teaching ability. The author is quoting Psalm 68:16 but rewording it. That verse in Psalms says,"When YOU ascended on high, YOU led captives in YOUR train; YOU RECEIVED gifts FROM men." (Capitals to stress the differences in the two passages.) In Psalms, this verse is directed to Yahweh and refers to Yahweh ascending to his mountaintop sanctuary in the land of Canaan, supposedly where the temple in Jerusalem was eventually situated, on Mount Zion. There, gifts were not given to men but received from men. The passage in Psalms originally had nothing whatever to do with Jesus.
*The aforementioned gifts were supposedly given to prepare god's people for works of service "so that the body of christ may be built up until we all reach unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the son of god and become mature." Well. It's been two thousand years and unity still hasn't been accomplished. There are still separations between Jews and Gentiles, not to mention the thousands of christian denominations that exist, each thinking it is the one true church.
*Verse 14. On this amazing day of unity we will be grown up christians, each part of the body of christ doing the work it is supposed to do. Not like infants who are decieved by the teachings of cunning, crafty, and deceitful men. We will all speak the truth in love. Does that mean telling people they will go to hell if they don't believe all this stuff?
Thursday, October 19, 2017
Ephesians chapter 3
*Paul begins this section by talking about himself. He calls himself a prisoner of Jesus Christ for the sake of the Gentiles to whom he is writing. It is unclear if prisoner here is literal or figurative, but most of Christendom assumes it to mean Paul is literally a prisoner at this time. He goes on to say God's grace was given to him for them. As in Ephesians, Paul mentions the revelation he recieved. This means he has a special insight into what he calls "the mystery of christ." The mystery can be summed up by saying that through the gospel, the Jews and gentiles are actually members of one body and share in the promise of Jesus Christ.
*God has given Paul, in spite of his unworthiness, the special job of making the mystery plainly known to everyone. In the past this mystery was hidden. God had a plan to make his wisdom known to all the powers on earth and in heaven, through the church. He accomplished his plan through Jesus.
Now anyone who has faith in him can approach god with freedom and confidence.
*This is why Paul prays that the readers might strengthened by the power of the spirit and have christ living in their hearts through faith. He wants them all to know how very much christ loves them. God is able do far more than the could ever ask or imagine and his power is at work in them. To him be the glory forever, Amen.
*Does all this actually mean anything? Not really. Does it change anything? Yes, if you believe it. Then you will have a different attitude regarding your status with Yahweh as compared to the Jews. Now you are supposedly part of the family of Yahweh. That was god's plan all along. Yahweh is no longer an ethnic god or a national god, now he is a universal god. The mystery that he always was a universal god has been revealed through Paul.
*It is very interesting that this letter makes gentile believers equal to Jews and co-heirs. There is no superiority to Jews and no replacing Jews in the Yahweh's affections. They are now one big happy family. Again, this is in direct contrast to the Galatian letter, where the mystery was that the Gentiles were the true heirs of Yahweh and the Jews were his illegitimate children. There the gentiles had the superior position and were not going to share their inheritance with the Jews. Which one is the true doctrine of christianity? There can't have been more than one version of christianity, can there?
*God has given Paul, in spite of his unworthiness, the special job of making the mystery plainly known to everyone. In the past this mystery was hidden. God had a plan to make his wisdom known to all the powers on earth and in heaven, through the church. He accomplished his plan through Jesus.
Now anyone who has faith in him can approach god with freedom and confidence.
*This is why Paul prays that the readers might strengthened by the power of the spirit and have christ living in their hearts through faith. He wants them all to know how very much christ loves them. God is able do far more than the could ever ask or imagine and his power is at work in them. To him be the glory forever, Amen.
*Does all this actually mean anything? Not really. Does it change anything? Yes, if you believe it. Then you will have a different attitude regarding your status with Yahweh as compared to the Jews. Now you are supposedly part of the family of Yahweh. That was god's plan all along. Yahweh is no longer an ethnic god or a national god, now he is a universal god. The mystery that he always was a universal god has been revealed through Paul.
*It is very interesting that this letter makes gentile believers equal to Jews and co-heirs. There is no superiority to Jews and no replacing Jews in the Yahweh's affections. They are now one big happy family. Again, this is in direct contrast to the Galatian letter, where the mystery was that the Gentiles were the true heirs of Yahweh and the Jews were his illegitimate children. There the gentiles had the superior position and were not going to share their inheritance with the Jews. Which one is the true doctrine of christianity? There can't have been more than one version of christianity, can there?
Tuesday, October 17, 2017
Ephesians chapter 2, part 2
We pick back up at 2:11.
*Paul now talks about the previous difference between gentiles and jews. The gentiles being uncircumcised, were excluded from citzenship in Israel and the covenants of the promise, without hope, and without god. Interestingly, the phrase "without god" is translated from the greek atheoi, which makes it seem that Paul is saying they were basically atheists when it came to the god of Israel.
He also says they were separated from Christ. That is even more interesting. Did Christ not preach salvation of/to the gentiles?
*That doesn't matter now, according to the author. The blood of christ on the cross destroyed the invisible barrier between the two peoples by abolishing the law in his flesh, so both Jews and gentiles could be united. Now everyone has access to the father by one spirit. Now they are all members of god's household, with Jesus as the chief cornerstone. Together they are a holy temple, a dwelling in which god lives.
*This is somewhat different than what Paul said in Galatians. In chapters 4 and 5, Paul comes down hard in favor of the gentiles being the children of the promise. He calls them "the children of the free woman" and the Jews "the children of the slave woman." Then he goes on to say "the slave woman's son will never share in the inheritance with the free woman's son." That is in direct contrast to chapter two of Ephesians, which has the Jews and gentiles sharing god as their father in one big happy family.
He also says they were separated from Christ. That is even more interesting. Did Christ not preach salvation of/to the gentiles?
*That doesn't matter now, according to the author. The blood of christ on the cross destroyed the invisible barrier between the two peoples by abolishing the law in his flesh, so both Jews and gentiles could be united. Now everyone has access to the father by one spirit. Now they are all members of god's household, with Jesus as the chief cornerstone. Together they are a holy temple, a dwelling in which god lives.
*This is somewhat different than what Paul said in Galatians. In chapters 4 and 5, Paul comes down hard in favor of the gentiles being the children of the promise. He calls them "the children of the free woman" and the Jews "the children of the slave woman." Then he goes on to say "the slave woman's son will never share in the inheritance with the free woman's son." That is in direct contrast to chapter two of Ephesians, which has the Jews and gentiles sharing god as their father in one big happy family.
Sunday, October 8, 2017
Housekeeping: comments section
I am not sure if my readers are aware that I do accept moderated comments. Moderated because, I'm not interested in spite and vitriol, but sincere comments, even criticism. Until recently, I had no comments at all, for over a year. So, I stopped checking. Today, I checked to make sure the comments are indeed enabled and to see if there were any comments to actually post. There were three, two were spam. One was asking me to write more and not just post a video. I wasn't quite sure what it was referring to because it was attached to a post that had no video. After a few minutes, I realized that that person must have been referring to the video of Aron Ra and the Mythical Man that I posted not long ago. I want to apologize to the commenter for not replying. I appreciate your feedback. Frankly, I didn't have time to write a comment that day, but I will consider putting in my two cents on mythicism in the future.
I have been getting visitors to this blog from around the world. I have no idea how they find me, because I can't even find this blog on a search engine when I am not signed in to blogger and google. I just want to say thank you to everyone who spends any time here. Just knowing you are out there motivates me.
I have been getting visitors to this blog from around the world. I have no idea how they find me, because I can't even find this blog on a search engine when I am not signed in to blogger and google. I just want to say thank you to everyone who spends any time here. Just knowing you are out there motivates me.
Thursday, October 5, 2017
Ephesians chapter 1, part 4, and chapter 2
*As we have seen, Paul should have been very familiar with the church in Ephesus and in Asia Minor. He was there for at least two years, according to Acts. Yet, verse fifteen of Ephesians chapter one sounds as though Paul's knowledge of the recipients of this letter is from hearsay. We will be on the lookout for any internal evidence that this letter was written to people with whom Paul had previous associations.
*The rest of the chapter is exhortations, Paul's "prayers" for the recipients of the letter, and a bit of christological mumbo jumbo. Stuff about God's power displayed in raising christ from the dead, putting him in dominion over all other authorities and titles, not only in the present, but the future as well. Paul covers all the bases, preemptively discounting any other messiahs or spiritual and earthly authority figures that may arise. Jesus is it. He's the big boss and the church is his henchman, um body.
*Moving on to chapter 2. Now Paul says that the readers were once dead in their sins and transgressions, because they followed the ways of the world and the ruler of the kingdom of the air. Say what? What is the kingdom of the air? This phrase is not found anywhere else in the Bible, but you can believe there is plenty of speculation by people who act like they know what they are talking about. This being is also called the spirit who is at work in those who are disobedient. (Disobedient to whom?) Therefore, the claim made by commentators is this must be referring to Satan. A quick scan of the rest of Ephesians shows that Paul does refer to the devil in chapter six, but Satan is not named.
*Paul goes on to say that "we" were by nature objects of wrath. Speak for yourself dear Paul. God, being so wonderful, and rich in mercy and love, has saved us. God raised the readers up and seated them with christ in the heavenly realms. This is obviously metaphorical. I haven't seen any christians rise up to heavenly realms, yet. This is so that in the coming age (which hasn't come yet) "God can show the incomparable riches of his grace, expressed in his kindness to us in christ jesus." what does this mean in practical earthly terms? Not much. It basically boils down to some people believing a dead dude was resurrected by a god, so that one nebulous day in the nebulous future, that invisible god won't get angry at them for being the sorry creatures they were born to be. Then they will someday get to sit with the dead dude in the sky. What fun.
*How do the readers get this priveledge? Not because they deserve it or earned it by doing anything, but because god gave it to them. It was a present called "grace." Don't know what grace is? That's okay, neither does anyone else, even though they like to think they do. Sometimes it is defined as unmerited favor, but that is not very concrete either. This wonderful gift has a catch-- faith. You gotta believe that god and jesus actually exist or you are out of luck. Oh yeah, even though you can't earn this gift by doing anything, you totally got stuff to do. God has some chores he needs done and he prepared them just for those who have faith. Aren't they blessed?
Edited
*The rest of the chapter is exhortations, Paul's "prayers" for the recipients of the letter, and a bit of christological mumbo jumbo. Stuff about God's power displayed in raising christ from the dead, putting him in dominion over all other authorities and titles, not only in the present, but the future as well. Paul covers all the bases, preemptively discounting any other messiahs or spiritual and earthly authority figures that may arise. Jesus is it. He's the big boss and the church is his henchman, um body.
*Moving on to chapter 2. Now Paul says that the readers were once dead in their sins and transgressions, because they followed the ways of the world and the ruler of the kingdom of the air. Say what? What is the kingdom of the air? This phrase is not found anywhere else in the Bible, but you can believe there is plenty of speculation by people who act like they know what they are talking about. This being is also called the spirit who is at work in those who are disobedient. (Disobedient to whom?) Therefore, the claim made by commentators is this must be referring to Satan. A quick scan of the rest of Ephesians shows that Paul does refer to the devil in chapter six, but Satan is not named.
*Paul goes on to say that "we" were by nature objects of wrath. Speak for yourself dear Paul. God, being so wonderful, and rich in mercy and love, has saved us. God raised the readers up and seated them with christ in the heavenly realms. This is obviously metaphorical. I haven't seen any christians rise up to heavenly realms, yet. This is so that in the coming age (which hasn't come yet) "God can show the incomparable riches of his grace, expressed in his kindness to us in christ jesus." what does this mean in practical earthly terms? Not much. It basically boils down to some people believing a dead dude was resurrected by a god, so that one nebulous day in the nebulous future, that invisible god won't get angry at them for being the sorry creatures they were born to be. Then they will someday get to sit with the dead dude in the sky. What fun.
*How do the readers get this priveledge? Not because they deserve it or earned it by doing anything, but because god gave it to them. It was a present called "grace." Don't know what grace is? That's okay, neither does anyone else, even though they like to think they do. Sometimes it is defined as unmerited favor, but that is not very concrete either. This wonderful gift has a catch-- faith. You gotta believe that god and jesus actually exist or you are out of luck. Oh yeah, even though you can't earn this gift by doing anything, you totally got stuff to do. God has some chores he needs done and he prepared them just for those who have faith. Aren't they blessed?
Edited
Tuesday, October 3, 2017
Ephesians chapter 1, part three
We will continue reading about Paul's associations with Ephesus, found in Acts and other writings, before we finish Ephesians chapter one.
*Starting in Acts 19:21, we see that after the scroll burnings, Paul decided to travel back through the region we know of as Turkey, to Jerusalem. He is said to have wanted to go to Rome from there. Before he left, there was a rabid protest against Paul by crafstmen whose businesses were linked to idol worship. They said they were losing business because of Paul's teachings. Paul was encouraged by his friends to not interact with the protesters. The city clerk quelled the uprising by telling the protesters that Paul and his disciples did not appear to have broken any laws. If there was a claim aganst him, it was to be made through proper channels. Again, none of this appears in extrabiblical contemporary histories.
*In Acts 20, Paul travelled around Macedonia and Greece for a while. Before he finally set sail for Jerusalem, he stopped in Miletus and sent a message to the elders of the church in Ephesus to meet with him. When they came, he made a farewell speech full of pathos, saying he will never see them again because prison and hardships await him. He warns them of wolves among the sheep who would distort the truth and draw away disciples. After an emotional scene, he leaves.
*What does Paul say about Ephesus in the letters attributed to him? In first Corinthians 15:32, Paul says, "If I fought wild beasts in Ephesus for human motives, what did I gain if the dead are not raised." This is part of a passage which is declaring that if the message about Jesus and the resurrection of the baptized is false, baptism is useless and Paul's risking death to promote it has been in vain. Who knows what this sentence about Ephesus means, probably not real wild beasts but metaphorical ones, referring to Paul's opponents.
*First Corinthians 16 ends that book. It refers to Paul being in Ephesus at the time. It also mentions his travels in Asia Minor plus Pricilla and Aquila. Presumably, First Corinthians was written in Ephesus. However, Paul also says he is staying there till Pentecost. Acts 20 has Paul eager to be in Jerusalem by Pentecost.
*First and second Timothy are supposedly written from Paul imprisoned in Rome, as the book of Ephesians is supposed to have been. They also mention Ephesus and refer to particular people there, namely Pricilla and Aquila. (1 Tim. 1:3, 2Tim. 4) The Timothy books have many exhortations against false teachers.
*Starting in Acts 19:21, we see that after the scroll burnings, Paul decided to travel back through the region we know of as Turkey, to Jerusalem. He is said to have wanted to go to Rome from there. Before he left, there was a rabid protest against Paul by crafstmen whose businesses were linked to idol worship. They said they were losing business because of Paul's teachings. Paul was encouraged by his friends to not interact with the protesters. The city clerk quelled the uprising by telling the protesters that Paul and his disciples did not appear to have broken any laws. If there was a claim aganst him, it was to be made through proper channels. Again, none of this appears in extrabiblical contemporary histories.
*In Acts 20, Paul travelled around Macedonia and Greece for a while. Before he finally set sail for Jerusalem, he stopped in Miletus and sent a message to the elders of the church in Ephesus to meet with him. When they came, he made a farewell speech full of pathos, saying he will never see them again because prison and hardships await him. He warns them of wolves among the sheep who would distort the truth and draw away disciples. After an emotional scene, he leaves.
*What does Paul say about Ephesus in the letters attributed to him? In first Corinthians 15:32, Paul says, "If I fought wild beasts in Ephesus for human motives, what did I gain if the dead are not raised." This is part of a passage which is declaring that if the message about Jesus and the resurrection of the baptized is false, baptism is useless and Paul's risking death to promote it has been in vain. Who knows what this sentence about Ephesus means, probably not real wild beasts but metaphorical ones, referring to Paul's opponents.
*First Corinthians 16 ends that book. It refers to Paul being in Ephesus at the time. It also mentions his travels in Asia Minor plus Pricilla and Aquila. Presumably, First Corinthians was written in Ephesus. However, Paul also says he is staying there till Pentecost. Acts 20 has Paul eager to be in Jerusalem by Pentecost.
*First and second Timothy are supposedly written from Paul imprisoned in Rome, as the book of Ephesians is supposed to have been. They also mention Ephesus and refer to particular people there, namely Pricilla and Aquila. (1 Tim. 1:3, 2Tim. 4) The Timothy books have many exhortations against false teachers.
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